pengertian biaya produksi

 

Pengertian biaya produksi

 

produksi berlangsung dengan jalan mengolah masukan (input) menjadi keluaran (out put).masukan merupakan pengorbanan biaya yang tidak dapat dihindarkan untuk melakukan kegiatan produksi.setiap pengusaha harus dapat menghitung biaya produksi agar dapat menetapkan harga pokok  barang yang dihasilkan. untuk menghitung biaya produksi terlebih dahulu harus dipahami pengertiannya. biaya produksi adalah sejumlah pengorbanan ekonomis yang harus dikorbankan untuk memproduksi suatu barang. menetapkan biaya produksi berdasarkan pengertian tersebutmemerlukan kecermatan karena ada yang mudah diidentifikasikan, tetapi ada juga yang sulitdiidentifikasikan dan hitungannya

 

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Pasar dan Pemerintah dalam Ekonomi Modern

Pasar dan Pemerintah dalam Ekonomi Modern

Perekonomian pasar merupakan sistem perekonomian yang mengandalkan harga sebagai variabel yang menentukan keseimbangan ekonomi. Berbagai keputusan ekonomi untuk menentukan barang dan jasa apa yang akan dibuat (What), bagaimana menghasilkannya (How) dan siapa saja yang akan mengkonsumsi barang dan jasa tersebut (for Whom), ditentukan oleh mekanisme pasar dengan bimbingan tangan gaib (invisible hand).

Secara umum pasar didefinisikan sebagai suatu mekanisme di mana penjual dan pembeli dapat menentukan harga secara bersama-sama untuk melakukan pertukaran. Pasar menentukan harga tiap barang dan jasa dalam perekonomian. Pasar dapat dikategorikan ke dalam dua besar, yaitu pasar barang dan jasa serta pasar faktor. Pasar faktor merupakan tempat interaksi antara penjual faktor produksi (sektor rumah tangga) yang memiliki tanah, modal, keterampilan dan lainnya, dengan yang meminta faktor produksi yaitu pihak perusahaan.

Pasar yang terjadi dalam perekonomian merupakan akumulasi dari berbagai pasar barang dan jasa serta pasar faktor produksi. Banyaknya jenis barang/jasa tersebut akan menimbulkan diversifikasi pekerjaan. Selanjutnya, diversifikasi pekerjaan akan menghasilkan spesialisasi, yang akan mendorong timbulnya teknologi atau cara menghasilkan barang dan jasa dengan biaya yang serendah-rendahnya.

Dalam kenyataannya, tidak semua barang dan jasa bisa dihasilkan melalui mekanisme pasar dengan ‘tangan gaibnya’. Namun terjadi persaingan yang tidak sempurna, yang akhirnya menimbulkan inefisiensi, sehingga harga yang terjadi menjadi demikian mahal atau bahkan sebaliknya dimana barang dan jasa menjadi tidak berharga. Kegagalan sistem ekonomi pasar akan menghasilkan pengaruh yang dapat merugikan perekonomian itu sendiri. Di samping akan menimbulkan pemusatan faktor produksi pada satu pihak tertentu dan mengakibatkan ketimpangan dalam pendapatan.

Inefisiensi pasar ini memerlukan intervensi dari pemerintah. Pemerintah dalam aktivitasnya dalam perekonomian pasar dibatasi hanya pada beberapa kegiatan yang memang tidak bisa dilakukan oleh individu, seperti misalnya bidang keamanan dan pertahanan. Tetapi jika harus campur tangan dalam perekonomian dengan tujuan mengembalikan efisiensi, maka pemerintah melakukan regulasi atau membuat kebijakan-kebijakan yang berfungsi mengatur jalannya perekonomian agar tetap efisien. P.A. Samuelson mengatakan bahwa pemerintah mempunyai tiga fungsi perekonomian, yaitu:

1.Mengoreksi kegagalan pasar demi efisiensi.

2.Membuat program untuk melakukan pemerataan pendapatan dengan menggunakan instrumen pajak dan pengeluaran pemerintah.

3.Membuat kebijakan fiskal dan moneter untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tangguh.

sumber : http://susilofy.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/pasar-dan-pemerintah-dalam-ekonomi-modern/

 

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Tugas Pengantar Ekonomi & Manajemen

PENGERTIAN PASAR

A. Pengertian secara sempit

Pasar adalah suatu tempat pertemuan penjual dan pembeli untuk melakukan transasksi jual beli dan jasa.

B. Pengertian secara luas

Pasar adalah tempat bertemunya penjual yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk menjual barang/jasa dan pembeli yang melakukan uang untuk membli barang dengan harga tertentu.

Syarat-syarat terjadinya pasar adalah :

a. Ada tempat untuk berniaga

b. Ada barang dan jasa yang akan diperdagangkan.

c. Terdapat penjual barang tertentu

d. Adanya pembeli barang

e. Adanya hubungan dalam transaksi jual beli.

Pengertian pasar secara khusus

1. Sebagai sarana distribusi

Dengan adanya pasar, produsen dapat berhubungan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung untuk menawarkan hasil produksinya pada konsumen.

2. Sebagai pembentuk harga

Di pasar terjadi tawar menawar antara penjual dan pembeli sehingga terbentuklah harga.

3. Sebagai sarana promosi

Dengan berbagai macam cara para produsen memperkenalkan hasil produksi kepada konsumen sehingga para konsumen berniat membeli barang tersebut.

Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/business-management/2003665-pengertian-pasar/#ixzz1dCs0oq2X

  STRUKTUR PASAR

Struktur Pasar memiliki pengertian penggolongan produsen kepada beberapa

bentuk pasar berdasarkan pada ciri-ciri seperti jenis produk yang dihasilkan,

banyaknya perusahaan dalam industri, mudah tidaknya keluar atau masuk ke dalam

industri dan peranan iklan dalam kegiatan industri. Analisa ekonomi membedakan

struktur pasar menjadi 4 jenis yaitu : Pasar Persaingan Sempurna, Pasar Monopoli,

Persaingan Monopolistis, dan Pasar Oligopoli:

Persaingan sempurna merupakan struktur pasar yang paling ideal karena

dianggap sistem pasar ini adalah struktur pasar yang akan menjamin terwujudnya

kegiatan memproduksi barang atau jasa yang tinggi (optimal) efisiensinya.

Perekonomian merupakan pasar persaingan sempuma. Akan tetapi dalam prakteknya

tidaklah mudah untuk menentukan jenis industri yang struktur organisasinya

digolongkan kepada persaingan sempurna yang murni, yaitu yang ciri-cirinya

sepenuhnya bersamaan dengan dalam teori. Yang ada adalah yang mendekati ciricirinya,

yaitu struktur pasar dari berbagai kegiatan disektor pertanian. Namun

demikian, walaupun pasar persaingan sempurna yang murni tidak wujud di dalam

praktek.

Pasar persaingan sempurna dapat didefinisikan sebagai struktur pasar atau

industri dimana terdapat banyak penjual dan pembeli. Dan setiap penjual ataupun

pembeli tidak dapat mempengaruhi keadaan di pasar.

Struktur pasar merupakan penggolongan pasar berdasarkan strukturnya. Dibagi kedalam beberapa bagian yaitu:

• Pasar persaingan sempurna: Jenis pasar dengan jumlah penjual dan pembeli yang banyak dan produk yang dijual bersifat homogen.
• Pasar persaingan tidak sempurna yang terdiri atas:
  • Pasar monopoli: Hanya terdapat satu penjual yang menguasai pasar.
  • Pasar oligopoli: Pasar di mana penawaran satu jenis barang dikuasai oleh beberapa perusahaan. Umumnya jumlah perusahaan lebih dari dua tetapi kurang dari sepuluh.
  • Pasar duopoli: Memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan oligopoli, namun pada Pasar duopoli hanya ada dua perusahaan.
  • Pasar persaingan monopolistik Bentuk pasar di mana terdapat banyak produsen yang menghasilkan barang serupa tetapi memiliki perbedaan dalam beberapa aspek.
  • Pasar monopsoni Jenis pasar dimana hanya ada satu pembeli.
  • Pasar oligopsoni adalah bentuk pasar dimana barang yang dihasilkan oleh beberapa perusahaan dan banyak perusahaan yang bertindak sebagai konsumen. 
  Pasar Monopoli
  
  Konsep Pasar Monopoli
  Pasar monopoli timbul akibat adanya praktek monopoli, yaitu pemusatan kekuatan ekonomi oleh satu pelaku usaha/penjual yang mengakibatkan dikuasainya produksi dan atau pemasaran atas barang dan jasa tertentu sehingga menimbulkan persaingan usaha tidak sehat dan dapat merugikan kepentingan umum.
  Berarti yang dimaksud dengan pasar monopoli adalah suatu bentuk hubungan antara permintaan dan penawaran yang dikuasai oleh satu pelaku ekonomi terhadap permintaan seluruh konsumen. Di dalam pasal 1 angka 1 UU Antimonopoli, monopoli didefinisikan suatu penguasaan atas produksi dan/atau pemasaran barang dan/atau atas penggunaan jasa tertentu oleh satu pelaku usaha atau satu kelompok usaha.
  Walaupun di pasar monopoli penjual tidak memiliki saingan, belum tentu ia dapat memperoleh keuntungan yang besar, hal ini mungkin saja terjadi bila biaya produksi berada di atas harga pasar.
  Sehingga kurva permintaan yang ada di monopoli sama dengan kurva permintaan pasar. Di mana pada kurva permintaan pasar, kurva penerimaan rata-rata (AR) dan kurva penerimaan marginal (MR) dapat ditentukan. Bagi perusahaan monopolis, kurva penerimaan marginal (MR) lebih rendah dari harga, karena penjual harus menurunkan harga dengan tujuan barangnya dapat terjual.
  
  
  Pada saat sekarang perusahaan yang seratus persen bersifat monopoli jarang ditemui, mungkin hanya beberapa komoditi jasa seperti telepon, gas, air dan listrik yang benar-benar dikuasai oleh penjual tunggal (di Indonesia dipegang oleh perusahaan pemerintah). Tetapi merekapun harus menghadapi persaingan dari industri lain, dan untuk jangka panjang tidak ada perusahaan yang benar-benar bebas dari serangan pesaing, artinya kemungkinan pasar monopoli tidak akan ada lagi.
  
  Pasar monopoli dapat dicirikan oleh beberapa hal berikut ini, diantaranya:
• Hanya terdapat satu penjual/produsen yang menguasai seluruh penawaran atas barang dan jasa tertentu
• Barang dan jasa yang dijual tidak memiliki substitusi yang dekat, artinya tidak ada barang yang dapat menggantikan fungsi dari barang tersebut. Contoh: tidak ada barang pengganti yang bersamaan sifatnya dengan listrik, yang ada hanya barang pengganti yang berbeda sifatnya seperti gas.
• Pasar/bidang usaha tidak dapat dimasuki oleh pihak lain
• Penentuan harga dilakukan dan dikuasai oleh perusahaan, maka perusahaan monopoli disebut sebagai perusahaan penentu harga (price setter).
  
  
•  http://www.ilmuku.com/file.php/1/Simulasi/mp_302/materi1.html
  
  
  
   PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA
  
  Pasar persaingan sempurna (perfect competition) adalah sebuah jenis pasar dengan jumlah penjual dan pembeli yang sangat banyak dan produk yang dijual bersifat homogen. Harga terbentuk melalui mekanisme pasar dan hasil interaksi antara penawaran dan permintaan sehingga penjual dan pembeli di pasar ini tidak dapat memengaruhi harga dan hanya berperan sebagai penerima harga (price-taker). Barang dan jasa yang dijual di pasar ini bersifat homogen dan tidak dapat dibedakan. Semua produk terlihat identik. Pembeli tidak dapat membedakan apakah suatu barang berasal dari produsen A, produsen B, atau produsen C? Oleh karena itu, promosi dengan iklan tidak akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap penjualan produk.
  
  
  
  
  Pasar Persaingan Sempurna dan Tidak Sempurna
  Suatu pasar disebut bersaing sempurna jika terdapat banyak penjual dan pembeli sehingga tidak ada satu pun dari mereka dapat mempengaruhi harga yang berlaku; barang dan jasa yang dijual di pasar adalah homogen; terdapat mobilitas sumber daya yang sempurna; setiap produsen maupun konsumen mempunyai kebebasan untuk keluar-masuk pasar; setiap produsen maupun konsumen mempunyai informasi yang sempurna tentang keadaan pasar meliputi perubahan harga, kuantitas dan kualitas barang dan informasi lainnya; tidak ada biaya atau manfaat eksternal berhubungan dengan barang dan jasa yang dijual di pasar.
  Perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan sempurna bersifat “penerima harga” (price taker).
  Kurva permintaan yang dihadapi sebuah perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan sempurna merupakan sebuah garis horizontal pada tingkat harga yang berlaku di pasar.
  Kuantitas output ditentukan berdasarkan harga pasar dan tujuan memaksimumkan laba, yaitu pada saat MR = MC.
  Dalam jangka waktu yang sangat pendek, kurva penawaran pasar berbentuk garis vertikal sehingga harga ditentukan oleh permintaan pasar. Dalam jangka panjang, harga dapat naik, tetap atau turun tergantung pada perubahan permintaan komoditi yang bersangkutan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.
  
  Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna
  Pasar persaingan tidak sempurna adalah pasar atau industri yang terdiri dari produsen-produsen yang mempunyai kekuatan pasar atau mampu mengendalikan harga output di pasar.
  Terdapat tiga model umum di pasar persaingan tidak sempurna, yaitu pasar monopoli, pasar persaingan monopolistik dan oligopoli.
  Pasar monopoli merupakan industri yang terdiri dari satu perusahaan di mana terdapat hambatan bagi perusahaan-perusahaan baru untuk memasuki pasar. Beberapa hambatan masuk berupa waralaba pemerintah, paten, skala ekonomi dan keunggulan biaya lain, kepemilikan atas faktor produksi yang langka.
  Persaingan monopolistik merupakan industri yang memiliki banyak produsen di mana perusahaan pesaing bebas memasuki industri dan perusahaan-perusahaan mendiferensiasikan produk mereka. Diferensiasi produk dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi keinginan konsumen, membangun reputasi atas produk yang dihasilkan dan memberikan pelayanan yang baik. Selain kelebihan berupa adanya keanekaragaman produk, efisiensi dan informasi tentang produk, diferensiasi produk juga mempunyai kelemahan yaitu adanya pemborosan, harga produk yang lebih mahal, kesalahan informasi dan kejenuhan masyarakat terhadap tayangan iklan.
  Oligopoli adalah industri dengan sejumlah kecil perusahaan yang masing-masing cukup mampu untuk mempengaruhi harga pasar dari output yang dihasilkannya. Selain memiliki banyak bentuk dalam pasar oligopoli terdapat juga empat model yang umum dikenal yaitu model kolusi, model Cournot, model kurva permintaan yang patah dan model kepemimpinan harga.
  Perusahaan-perusahaan yang memiliki kekuatan pasar dihadapkan pada empat keputusan penting yaitu berapa output yang akan diproduksi, bagaimana memproduksinya, berapa input yang akan diminta di masing-masing pasar dan berapa harga output yang akan ditetapkan.
  Keputusan harga dan output oleh perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan tidak sempurna berbeda-beda tergantung pada bentuk pasar di mana perusahaan berada dan tujuan dari perusahaan adalah memaksimalkan laba total.
  Diskriminasi harga merupakan penetapan harga yang berbeda untuk pembeli barang yang sama atau penetapan harga di mana perbandingan antara harga dan biaya marjinal berbeda di antara para pembeli. Diskriminasi harga dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu diskriminasi harga derajat ketiga, diskriminasi harga derajat kedua dan diskriminasi harga derajat pertama. 
  
  
  http://massofa.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/pasar-persaingan-sempurna-dan-tidak-sempurna/ 
  
  

  Perkembangan struktur pasar internasional

  PERKEMBANGAN PASAR INTERNASIONAL
  Ada beberapa perkembangan pasar inernasional yaitu :
  1. Super Bank
  Karena pasar spot forex adalah desentralisasi, bank terbesar di dunia yang menentukan nilai tukar. Berdasarkan penawaran dan permintaan untuk mata uang, mereka umumnya orang-orang yang membuat bid / ask spread yang kita cintai (atau benci, dalam hal ini).
  Bank-bank besar, yang dikenal sebagai pasar antar bank, mengambil sejumlah transaksi forex setiap hari untuk kedua pelanggan mereka dan diri mereka sendiri. Beberapa bank-bank super meliputi UBS, Barclays Capital, Deutsche Bank, dan Citigroup. Anda bisa mengatakan bahwa pasar antar bank adalah pasar valuta asing kelas ATAS .
  2. Perusahaan Besar Komersial
  Perusahaan mengambil bagian dalam pasar valuta asing untuk tujuan melakukan bisnis. Sebagai contoh, Apple harus terlebih dahulu tukar dolar AS untuk yen Jepang saat membeli komponen elektronik dari Jepang untuk produk mereka. Karena volume perdagangan mereka jauh lebih kecil daripada di pasar antar bank, cara ini pelaku pasar biasanya berhubungan dengan bank komersial untuk transaksi mereka.
  Merger dan akuisisi (M & A) antara perusahaan besar juga dapat membuat fluktuasi nilai tukar mata uang.
  
  3. Pemerintah dan Bank Sentral
  Pemerintah dan bank sentral, seperti European Central Bank, Bank of England, dan Federal Reserve, secara rutin terlibat dalam pasar forex juga. Sama seperti perusahaan, pemerintah nasional berpartisipasi dalam pasar forex untuk operasi mereka, pembayaran perdagangan internasional, dan penanganan cadangan devisa.
  Sementara itu, bank sentral mempengaruhi pasar valas saat mereka menyesuaikan suku bunga untuk mengendalikan inflasi. Dengan melakukan ini, mereka dapat mempengaruhi penilaian mata uang. Ada juga contoh ketika bank sentral melakukan intervensi, baik secara langsung atau secara lisan, di pasar forex ketika mereka ingin menyetel kembali nilai tukar. Kadang-kadang, bank sentral berpikir bahwa mata uang mereka harga terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah, sehingga mereka mulai operasi menjual / membeli untuk mengubah nilai tukar.
  
  4. Para spekulator
  Terdiri dari hampir 90% dari seluruh volume perdagangan, spekulan datang dalam segala bentuk dan ukuran. Beberapa memiliki kantong tebal, beberapa kantong tipis, tapi semuanya terlibat dalam forex dengan tujuan utamanya untuk menghasilkan uang.
  http://wahyu19411305.blogspot.com/2011/11/perkembangan-struktur-pasar.html
  
  
  
  

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Blue Beard

Blue Beard

There was, some time ago, a gentleman who was very rich. He had fine town and country houses, his dishes and plates were all of gold or silver, his rooms were hung with damask, his chairs and sofas were covered with the richest silks, and his carriages were all gilt with gold in a grand style. But it happened that this gentleman had a blue beard, which made him so very frightful and ugly, that none of the ladies, in the parts where he lived, would venture to go into his company. Now there was a certain lady of rank, who lived very near him, and had two daughters, both of them of very great beauty. Blue Beard asked her to bestow one of them upon him for a wife, and left it to herself to choose which of the two it should be. But both the young ladies again and again said they would never marry Blue Beard; yet, to be as civil as they could, each of them said, the only reason why she would not have him was, because she was loath to hinder her sister from the match, which would be such a good one for her. Still the truth of the matter was, they could neither of them bear the thoughts of having a husband with a blue beard; and besides, they had heard of his having been married to several wives before, and nobody could tell what had ever become of any of them. As Blue Beard wished very much to gain their favour, he asked the lady and her daughters, and some ladies who were on a visit at their house, to go with him to one of his country seats, where they spent a whole week, during which they passed all their time in nothing but parties for hunting and fishing, music, dancing, and feasts. No one even thought of going to bed, and the nights were passed in merry-makings of all kinds. In short, the time rolled on in so much pleasure, that the youngest of the two sisters began to think that the beard which she had been so much afraid of, was not so very blue, and that the gentleman who owned it was vastly civil and pleasing. Soon after their return home, she told her mother that she had no longer any dislike to accept of Blue Beard for her husband; and in a very short time they were married.

About a month after the marriage had taken place, Blue Beard told his wife that he should be forced to leave her for a few weeks, as he had some affairs to attend to in the country. He desired her to be sure to indulge herself in every kind of pleasure, to invite as many of her friends as she liked, and to treat them with all sorts of dainties, that her time might pass pleasantly till he came back again. "Here," said he, "are the keys of the two large wardrobes. This is the key of the great box that contains the best plate, which we use for company, this belongs to my strong box, where I keep my money, and this belongs to the casket, in which are all my jewels. Here also is a master-key to all the rooms in the house; but this small key belongs to the closet at the end of the long gallery on the ground floor. I give you leave," said he, "to open, or to do what you like with all the rest except this closet. This, my dear, you must not enter, nor even put the key into the lock, for all the world. If you do not obey me in this one thing, you must expect the most dreadful punishments." She promised to obey his orders in the most faithful manner; and Blue Beard, after kissing her tenderly, stepped into his coach, and drove away.

When Blue Beard was gone, the friends of his wife did not wait to be asked, so eager were they to see all the riches and fine things she had gained by marriage; for they had none of them gone to the wedding, on account of their dislike to the blue beard of the bridegroom. As soon as ever they came to the house, they ran about from room to room, from closet to closet, and then from wardrobe to wardrobe, looking into each with wonder and delight, and said, that every fresh one they came to, was richer and finer than what they had seen the moment before. At last they came to the drawing-rooms, where their surprise was made still greater by the costly grandeur of the hangings, the sofas, the chairs, carpets, tables, sideboards, and looking-glasses; the frames of these last were silver-gilt, most richly adorned, and in the glasses they saw themselves from head to foot. In short, nothing could exceed the richness of what they saw; and they all did not fail to admire and envy the good fortune of their friend. But all this time the bride herself was far from thinking about the fine speeches they made to her, for she was eager to see what was in the closet her husband had told her not to open. So great, indeed, was her desire to do this, that, without once thinking how rude it would be to leave her guests, she slipped away down a private staircase that led to this forbidden closet, and in such a hurry, that she was two or three times in danger of falling down stairs and breaking her neck.

When she reached the door of the closet, she stopped for a few moments to think of the order her husband had given her, and how he had told her that he would not fail to keep his word and punish her very severely, if she did not obey him. But she was so very curious to know what was inside, that she made up her mind to venture in spite of every thing. She then, with a trembling hand, put the key into the lock, and the door straight flew open. As the window shutters were closed, she at first could see nothing; but in a short time she saw that the floor was covered with clotted blood, on which the bodies of several dead women were lying.

These were all the wives whom Blue Beard had married, and killed one after another. At this sight she was ready to sink with fear, and the key of the closet door, which she held in her hand, fell on the floor. When she had a little got the better of her fright, she took it up, locked the door, and made haste back to her own room, that she might have a little time to get into a humour to amuse her company; but this she could not do, so great was her fright at what she had seen. As she found that the key of the closet had got stained with blood in falling on the floor, she wiped it two or three times over to clean it; yet still the blood kept on it the same as before. She next washed it, but the blood did not move at all. She then scoured it with brickdust, and after with sand, but in spite of all she could do, the blood was still there; for the key was a fairy who was Blue Beard's friend; so that as fast as she got off the blood on one side, it came again on the other. Early in the same evening Blue Beard came home, saying, that before he had gone far on his journey he was met by a horseman, who was coming to tell him that his affair in the country was settled without his being present; upon which his wife said every thing she could think of, to make him believe she was in a transport of joy at his sudden return.

The next morning he asked her for the keys: she gave them to him; but as she could not help showing her fright, Blue Beard easily guessed what had been the matter. "How is it," said he, "that the key of the closet upon the ground floor is not here?" "Is it not?" said the wife, "then I must have left it on my dressing-table." "Be sure you give it me by and by," replied Blue Beard. After going a good many times backwards and forwards, as if she was looking for the key, she was at last forced to give it to Blue Beard. He looked hard at it, and then said: "How came this blood upon the key?" "I am sure I do not know," replied the poor lady, at the same time turning as white as a sheet. "You do not know?" said Blue Beard sternly, "but I know well enough. You have been in the closet on the ground floor! Very well, madam: since you are so mighty fond of this closet, you shall be sure to take your place among the ladies you saw there." His wife, who was almost dead with fear, now fell upon her knees, asked his pardon a thousand times for her fault, and begged him to forgive her, looking all the time so very mournful and lovely, that she would have melted any heart that was not harder than a rock. But Blue Beard only said, "No, no, madam; you shall die this very minute!" "Alas!" said the poor trembling creature, "if I must die, give me, as least, a little time to say my prayers." "I give you," replied the cruel Blue Beard, "half a quarter of an hour: not a moment longer." When Blue Beard had left her to herself, she called her sister; and after telling her, as well as she could for sobbing, that she had but half a quarter of an hour to live; "Prithee," said she, "sister Anne," (this was her sister's name), "run up to the top of the tower, and see if my brothers are not in sight, for they said they would visit me to-day, and if you see them, make a sign for them to gallop on as fast as ever they can." Her sister straight did as she was desired; and the poor trembling lady every minute cried out to her: "Anne! sister Anne! do you see any one coming?" Her sister said, "I see nothing but the sun, which makes a dust, and the grass, which looks green."

In the meanwhile, Blue Beard, with a great cimeter in his hand, bawled as loud as he could to his wife, "Come down at once, or I will fetch you." "One moment longer, I beseech you," replied she, and again called softly to her sister, "Sister Anne, do you see any one coming?" To which she answered, "I see nothing but the sun, which makes a dust, and the grass, which looks green." Blue Beard now again bawled out, "Come down, I say, this very moment, or I shall come to fetch you." "I am coming; indeed I will come in one minute," sobbed his wretched wife. Then she once more cried out, "Anne! sister Anne! do you see any one coming?" "I see," said her sister, "a cloud of dust a little to the left." "Do you think it is my brothers?" said the wife. "Alas! no, dear sister," replied she, "it is only a flock of sheep." "Will you come down, madam?" said Blue Beard, in the greatest rage. "Only one single moment more," said she. And then she called out for the last time, "Sister Anne! sister Anne! do you see no one coming?" "I see," replied her sister, "two men on horseback coming; but they are still a great way off." "Thank God," cried she, "they are my brothers; beckon them to make haste." Blue Beard now cried out so loud for her to come down, that his voice shook the whole house. The poor lady, with her hair loose, and all in tears, now came down, and fell on her knees, begging him to spare her life; but he stopped her, saying, "All this is of no use, for you shall die," and then, seizing her by the hair, raised his cimeter to strike off her head. The poor woman now begged a single moment to say one prayer. "No, no," said Blue Beard, "I will give you no more time. You have had too much already." And again he raised his arm. Just at this instant a loud knocking was heard at the gates, which made Blue Beard wait for a moment to see who it was. The gates now flew open, and two officers, dressed in their uniform, came in, and, with their swords in their hands, ran straight to Blue Beard, who, seeing they were his wife's brothers, tried to escape from their presence; but they pursued and seized him before he had gone twenty steps, and plunging their swords into his body he fell down dead at their feet.

The poor wife, who was almost as dead as her husband, was not able at first to rise and embrace her brothers; but she soon came to herself; and, as Blue Beard had no heirs, she found herself the owner of his great riches. She gave a part of his vast fortune as a marriage dowry to her sister Anne, who soon after became the wife of a young gentleman who had long loved her. Some of the money she laid out in buying captains' commissions for her two brothers, and the rest she gave to a worthy gentleman whom she married shortly after, and whose kind treatment soon made her forget Blue Beard's cruelty.

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The Classic Friendship Story of the Lion and the Mouse

Once in a dense jungle far far away there lived a mighty lion whom all the other creatures used to fear very much. King of the jungle as he was, the terrible beast knew no fear and he loved the respect he received from all and sundry in the forest. He used to spend half his day in hunting and the other half in sleeping. No creature dared to come near his den at any time of the day, specially when he was asleep for the mighty beast got terribly angry if his sleep was disturbed in any way.

But one day it so happened that a little mouse got curious to see how the lion's den looked like. So he set out for the cave where the lion rested. When he got near, he could not see the lion.

"He has gone somewhere. Is he going to come back soon? Nah...I don't think so." thought the mouse. It ran and sneaked into the cave. It was a dark, desolate place but big enough for the lion to live. The mouse felt small and a little afraid when he saw the large footprints of the lion on the ground.

"Maybe I should turn back." thought he.

Just then he heard the sound of the footsteps of the lion.

"Oh no, he is coming back. Now what do I do?" the mouse trembled anxiously.

The lion had only gone to quench his thirst from a river close by and he was coming back to take rest.

The mouse hid himself in the dark inside of the cave and saw the huge shadow of the lion falling on the floors. The lion sat near the entrance of the cave and rested his head on his huge paws. Soon he was fast asleep. The whole cave seemed to tremble with the loud snoring of the jungle king.

The mouse tried to creep out as stealthily as he could. Soon he was near the entrance. But as he tried to cross the lion, his little tail grazed against the left paw of the beast and the lord of the jungle woke up with a start. Imagine his anger and the roar he gave when he saw the puny mouse in his den.

The frightened mouse lost his mind and began to run up and down upon the lion. The lion placed his huge paw upon its tail and opened his big jaws to swallow the mouse when the latter cried out,

"Pardon, O King, please forgive me. I did not mean to wake you, I was only trying to leave this cave which I had entered out of curiosity. Kindly let me go this time, I shall never forget your nobility: if destiny gives me a chance I will assist you in whichever way I can on one of your bad days."

The lion was amused at this thought. How can the little mouse help him? But he let him go and roared with laughter. The mouse ran for his life, thanking his stars.

A few days, as the lion was prowling majestically through the jungle, it was suddenly caught in a hunter's snare. He struggled furiously to break free. But for all his efforts, he only found himself getting even more entangled in the net of ropes. He roared out of anger and helplessness. The whole jungle began to shake due to the terrible sound and every animal heard the cries of the beast. The mouse heard it too.

"The lord of the jungle is in trouble." thought the mouse. "It is my chance to be of help to him now".

Thinking so, the mouse ran as fast as he could to the place where the sounds were coming from. Soon he found the lion
trapped in the hunter's snare.

"Don't move, Your Majesty, I'll cut your ropes and you will soon be free" squeaked the mouse. Without wasting a second, he began nibbling through the ropes with his sharp little teeth. Very soon the lion was free.

"I did not believe that even you could help me. But I was wrong" said the lion humbly. And the two creatures became the best of friends from that day.

No matter how weak and small a creature is, he may be of help if time comes.

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tugas ekonomi

Barang	Volume barang	Harga barang	Keterangan
Daging	1000 kg	Rp 50.000 (/kg)	Harga meningkat jika mendekati hari raya
Beras	1000 kg	Rp.5.500 (kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Ayam kampung	1000 kg	Rp.32.000 (/ptg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Cabe	1000 kg	Rp.5000 (/kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Gula pasir	1000 kg	Rp. 5.500 (/kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Kopi	1000 kg	Rp.10.000 (/kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Handphone	100 unit	Rp.1000.000 (/unit)	Tidak stabil / berubah
Jahe	1000 kg	Rp.5000 (kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Tomat	1000 kg	Rp.5000 (kg)	Harga stabil / seimbang

Jasa	Volume jasa	Harga jasa	keterangan
Penyewaan mobil	1 unit	Rp.250.000 (/hari)	Harga naik jika menjelang hari raya
Penyewaan motor	1 unit	Rp.25.000 (/jam)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Pembantu rumah tangga	Per-orang	Rp.50.000 (/hari)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Tukang kebun	Per-orang	Rp.25.000	Harga stabil /seimbang
Buruh cuci	Per-orang	Rp.25.000 (/hari)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Pengasuh anak	Per-orang	Rp.50.000 (/hari)	Harga stabil /seimbang
Membuat spanduk / poster	1 unit	Rp.50.000 (/meter)	Harga stabil / seimbang
Service handphone	1 unit	Rp.5000-Rp.200.000	Harga stabil / seimbang
Service ac	1 unit	Rp.50.000 – Rp.150.000	Harga stabil / seimbang

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